Management of SRV in Breeding Colony of Long-tailed Macaques on Tinjil Island, Indonesia

Joko Pamungkas, DVM. MSc Primate Research Center at Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Lodaya 11/5, Bogor 16151, Indonesia

In 1994 the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry enacted a regulation that restricts the export of nonhuman primates to progeny from captive/managed breeding facilities only. Several years before the regulation was implemented, in 1987 Bogor Agricultural University initiated a collaborative project with several institutions in the country and abroad to establish breeding colony of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on Tinjil Island, located off the south coast of West Java. Screening protocols have been established to select only tuberculosis and simian retrovirus (SRV)-free animals for the colony. Long-tailed macaques originating mainly from Sumatra were individually caged in quarantine and screened over a period of 3-4 months for the presence of tuberculosis and SRV. Within the first week of their arrival in our quarantine facility at Darmaga-Bogor, whole blood specimens were taken from each animal and subject to viral examination by specific SRV polymerase chain reaction, as well as virus isolation attempts by co-cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Raji cells. Immunological test to detect the presence of antibodies to SRV was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by confirmatory Western blot assay. Animal showed positive reactivity to any test performed was rejected from the screening group. Two months after the first tests series, all negative animals were retested for the presence of antibodies to SRV by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot assay. All animals remaining negative after this time point and which have at least four consecutive negative tuberculin tests were transferred onto the island. Since 1988, 520 long-tailed macaques were released to the island and to date an estimate of 2,200 population have been breeding well since then. An approximate of 1400 progeny from the island have been harvested since 1991 and used mostly in the AIDS-related and other biomedical research studies. 　 Publications: Pamungkas, J., Joeniman B., Watanabe, R.A., Kuller,L., Schmidt, A., Thouless, M.E.,Morton, W.R. 1991. Antibodi Simian AIDS Retrovirus (SRV) pada Kera ekor panjang ( Macaca fascicularis) asal Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 1 (1) : 52-56. 　 Jennings, G.B., Soeharjono, W, Pamungkas, J., Sorensen, K. 1992. Filovirus in Asia. An Editorial. Vims Exchannge Newlatter. 9 (2): 35-36. 　 Pamungkas, J., Joeniman, B., Sajuthi, D., Sulviati, I.D., Jennings, G.B. 1992. Daya Guna Serum Sapi Berbagai Tingkat Umur sebagai Nutrien Pelengkap Pengganti FBS Komersial dalam Medium Biakan Jaringan Primer dan Biakan Sel Lestrai. 'Laporan PeneHtian Hibah Bersaing Perguman Tinggi 1/1. 　 Pamungkas, J., Joeniman, B., Styaningsih, S., Jenning, G.B. 1992. Studi Serologis Antibodi Simian AIDS Retrovirus Serotipe-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fascicularis (Keraekor panjang). Laporan Penelitian DP3M. 　 Darusman L.K., Sajuthi D., Sutriah K., Pamungkas J. 1992. Ekstraksi Komponen Bioaktif sebagai Bahan Obat dari Kerang-kerangan, Bunga karang dan Ganggang di Perairan Pulau Part Kepulauan Seribu. 'Laporan Penehtian DP3M. 　 Sajuthi, D., Leiana, R.P.A., Pamungkas, J. 1994. Medical Procedures During Quarantine of Orangutan Intented for Reintroduction: Updated Recomendation to the Department for Forestry of The Republic Indonesia. International Orangutan Conference, Fullerton, USA. (Abstract) 　 Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Leiana RPA, Iskandriati D, Joeniman B, Kyes RC, Knitter GH,Watanabe RA. Tinjil Island, A Natural Habitat Breeding Facility of Simian Retrovirus-free Macaca fascicularis. Am. ]. Primatol. 34:81-84. 1994. 　 Morton WR, Kyes RC, Kyes KB, Knitter GH, Sajuthi D, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. Development of A Natural Habitat Breeding Facility for Nonhuman Primates. JAVMA 206:469-475. 1995. 　 Kyes RC, Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Sajuthi D. Natural Habitat Breeding of Primates In Indonesia: A Conservationally Sound Approach To A Sustainable Resource. Primate Report 41. 1995. 　 Darusman L.K., Sajuthi D., Sutriah K., Pamungkas J. 1995. Ekstraksi Komponen Bioaktif sebagai Bahan Obat dari Kerang-kerangan, Bunga karang dan Ganggang di Perairan Pulau Pan Kepulauan Seribu Tahap II. Fraksinasi dan Bioassay. Buletin Kimia FMIPA-IPB No. 10. 18-29. 　 Giri A, Slattery JP, Heneine W, Gessain A, Rivadeneira E, Desrosiers RC, Rosen L, Anthony R, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Richards AL, Herve V, McClure H, O'Brien SJ, Franchini G. 1997. Tax Gene Sequences Provide Support For An Ancient Asian Origin of Simian and Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphotropic Viruses. Virology 231:96-104. 1997. 　 Kyes RC, Sajuthi D, Morton WR, Smith OA, Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Iskandar E, Crockett CM. 1997. The Tinjil Island Natural Habitat Breeding Facility : A Decade of Operation. Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia Vol. 1 : 1-8. 　 Richards A.L, Giri A, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sie A, Rosen L, Anthony R L, Franchini G. 1998. Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection Among Wild-Caught Indonesia Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrind). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrowrolosy. 19:542-545. 　 Kyes RC, Sajuthi D, Iskandar E, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Crockett CM. 1998. Management of a Natural Habitat Breeding Colony of Longtailed Macaques. Tropical Biodiversity 5(2):127-137 (1998). 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Suparto IH, Grant RF, Agy MB, Morton WR, Sajuthi D. 1998. Evidence for Retrovirus Infections in Captive Orangutans Returned to Indonesia. Abstract. Journal of Medical Primatology 27(2/3): 178. 1998. 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Surya M, Mariya S, Budiarsa IN, Sajuthi D. (1998) Prevalensi Antibodi simian retrovirus type-D serotipe-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fascicularis dan Macaca nemestrina di Empat Propinsi di Indonesia. J Primatol Indonesia 2(1):5-8. 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Budiarsa IN, Sajuthi D, Grant RF, Agy MB, Kyes RC, Morton WR. Simian Retrovirus Free Breeding Colonies of Macaques for Animal Model in AIDS Research. Abstract. 　 Osterhaus A DME, Pedersen N, Amerongen G V, Frankenhuis MT, Marthas M, Reay E, Rose TM, Pamungkas J, Bosch ML. 1999. Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Lentivirus from Talapoin Monkeys {Myopithecus talapoin). Virology 260, 116-124 (1999). 　 Pamungkas J. 2000. Virus Ebola-Reston tidak dijumpai pada Monyet Indonesia. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 Desember 2000. 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. 2000. Asal usul AIDS Monyet. Majalah MATRA No. 171 Hal. 35. 　 Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Sajuthi D. 2000. Mengapa Orangutan dan Satwa Primata lainnya tidak sesuai sebagai Hewan Piaraan di Rumah?. Dunia Veteriner 2000. 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. 2001. Mengkaji Virus Herpes-B pada Satwa Primata dan Manusia. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 Januari 2001. 　 Pamungkas J. 2003. Pulau Tinjil sebagai Penghasil Hewan Penelitan Hewan AIDS. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 September 2003. 　 Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2002. Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia. Proceeding of the Workshop: International Perpectives : The Futere of Nonhuman Primate Resources. p: 20. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academic of Science. 　 Presentations: Iskandriati, D., Pamungkas, J., Surya, M., Mariya, S., Sajuthi, D. 1993. Studi Serologis Simian AIDS Retrovirus Type-D Serotype-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fasdcularis di Propinsi Lampung dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Simposium dan Seminar Nasional Primata, 13-14 Oktober, Cisarua, Bogor. 　 Morton, WR., Haigwood, N.L., Hu, S.L., Agy, M.G., Pamungkas, J., Iskandriati, D., Sajuthi, D. 1994. Non-human Primate Models for AIDS-Related Research. XVth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Bali, Indonesia. 　 Sajuthi, D., Lelana, R.P.A., Pamungkas, J. 1994. Medical Procedures During Quarantine of Orangutan Intended for Reintroduction: Updated Recommendation to the Department for Forestry of The Republic Indonesia. International Orangutan Conference, Fullerton, USA. (Abstract) 　 Pamungkas, J., Sajuthi, D., Lelana, R.P.A., Joeniman, R, Kyes, R.C. 1992. Tinjil Island, a Natural Habitat Breeding Facility of Simian Retrovirus free Macaca fascicularis. XIVth Congress of International Primatological Society. Strasbourg. France. 　 Sajuthi D., Iskandar I., Kyes, R.C., Iskandriati D., Pamungkas J. 1996. Management of a Natural Habitat Breeding Colony of Longtailed Macaques. Intemational Symposium : Evolution of Asian Primates. Japan. 　 Pamungkas, J., Iskandriati ,D., Sajuthi D. 1998. Mengapa Satwa Primata Dipentingkan Dalam Penelitian Biomedik ? Telaah Peran Satwa Primata Dalam Penelitian Penyakit menular Akibat Infeksi Virus. Kongres PDHI XIII, 23-26 Novemher 1998, Bandar Lampung. 　 Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Strands K, Bosch ML. 1998. Association of Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Formation on Raji Cell Cultures with Acholeplasma Laidlawii. Seminar Nasional Primatologi, 18-19 Pebruari 1998, Denpasar, Bali. 　 Sajuthi, D, Pamungkas J. 1999. Pemanfaatan Satwa Liar Sebagai Hewan Model Dalam Penelitian : Satwa Primata Sebagai Pilihan. Diskusi Panel "Kuota Eksport dan Konservasi Satwa Liar Indonesia. 13-14 Maret 1999. TSI, Bogor. 　 Sajuthi,D., Pamungkas, J., Iskandar, E. 1999. Pelestarian Bekantan Secara Insitu dan Eksitu. Diskusi: "Pemngkatan Kesadaran dan Peran Masyarakat Terhadap Pelestarian Bekantan" 21 Juni 1999, Surabaya. 　 Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. Infeksi Virus Herpes-B pada Satwa Primata dan Manusia. Kajian Literatur. 　 　 Saepuloh U, Noviana R S, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Suaryana K G. 2000. Deteksi SRV dan Antibodinya pada Macaca fascicularis di beberapa Lokasi di Pulau Bali. Kongres Primatologi, 7-9 September 2000. Yogyakarta. (Poster). 　 Meilasanti A, Mariya S, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Suaryana K G. 2000. Prevalansi Antibodi Virus Herpes Simplex pada Macaca fascicularis di Pulau Bali. Kongres Primatologi, 7-9 September 2000. Yogyakarta. (Poster). 　 Sajuthi D., Pamungkas J. 2000. Pemeliharaan Satwa Primata sebagai Hewan Model Penelitian Manusia. Workshop on Laboratory Animal Scicnce and Husbandry 2000. PT. Biofarma, Bandung 20-24 Maret 2000. 　 Sajuthi D, PamungkasJ, Iskandriati D. 2001. Karantina Satwa Primata: Kepentingannya Dalam Konservasi dan Kesehatan Manusia. Diskusi Panel "Penerapan Sanitary dan Phytosamtary Untuk Menjamin Kelangsmigan Konservasi Flora dan Fauna" 25 Juli 2001, Taman Safari Indonesia, Bogor. 　 Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2001. Pola Pengelolaan Kesehatan Satwa Primata sebagai Hewan Model Pengelolaan Kesehatan Satwa Liar Indonesia secara Lestari. Presentasi Ilmiah Veteriner Nasional, diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan, Direktorat Jenedral Produksi Peternakan Departemen Pertanian, 24-25 Oktober, Jakarta. 　 Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J. 2002. Animal Welfare for Laboratory and Wildlife Animals. International Trade Issue. Semoloka Strategi Karantina Hewan dan Workshop Anmal Welfare Bidang Transportation, Badan Karantina Pertaman, Departemen Pertanian RI, 20-21 Juni 2002, Jakarta. 　 Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D. 2002. Pemanfaatan Satwa Primata Indonesia sebagai Hewan Model Penyakit Manusia. Seminar Sehari "Pemanfaatan Berkelanjutan Keanekaragaman Hayati sebagai Alternatif Pengembangan Ekonomi Daerah. Fakultas Biologi FMIPA-UI, 18 Juni, Jakarta. 　 Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2002. Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia. Workshop: International Perpective: The Futere of Nonhuman Primate Resources. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academic of Science. 17- 19 April 2002, Washington DC.